Democracy as a Critical Infrastructure during a State of Emergency

Dina Zilber, Prof. Eli Salzberger, Dr. Yael Cohen-Rimer, Prof. Reuven Katz, Prof. Barak Medina, Prof. Mordechai Kremnitzer, Prof. Michael Birnhack, Rinat Klein

Cite As:
Zilber Dina, Salzberger Eli, Cohen-Rimer Yael, Katz Reuven, Medina Barak, Kremnitzer Mordechai, Birnhack Michael, Klein Rinat. Democracy as a Critical Infrastructure during a State of Emergency Haifa Israel: Samuel Neaman Institute, 2024. https://www.neaman.org.il/EN/Democracy-as-a-Critical-Infrastructure-during-a-State-of-Emergency

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EN_Democracy as a Critical Infrastructure during Emergency(661KB)

Democracy is not only an essential infrastructure during normal times; in fact, safeguarding it becomes even more crucial during times of emergency. This document explores the intricate relationships between democracy, individual rights and emergencies. The authors acknowledge that acute crises, like natural disasters, pandemics or wars, may warrant deviations from both the formal facet of democracy - decision-making processes, and its substantive facet - individual freedoms, to enable a swift containment of the disaster and restoration of normalcy. However, the true strength of democracy lies in safeguarding individual rights during emergencies, and maintaining democratic principles can actually generate a faster and more effective exit from the crisis.Democracy is not only an essential infrastructure during normal times; in fact, safeguarding it becomes even more crucial during times of emergency.

This document explores the intricate relationships between democracy, individual rights and emergencies. The authors acknowledge that acute crises, like natural disasters, pandemics or wars, may warrant deviations from both the formal facet of democracy - decision-making processes, and its substantive facet - individual freedoms, to enable a swift containment of the disaster and restoration of normalcy. However, the true strength of democracy lies in safeguarding individual rights during emergencies, and maintaining democratic principles can actually generate a faster and more effective exit from the crisis.

The authors contend that violations of individual rights and deviations from normal-times decision-making protocols during emergencies are justifiable only under specific conditions:

The action is esstential to mitigate the emergency and it must significantly advance an immediate need;
The benefit must outweigh harm to public interests and infringement on individual rights;
There must be no effective alternative less damaging to individual rights or democratic decision-making processes;
The action must maintain equality before the law, not discriminating between different groups in society.

Furthermore, the document contends that the absence of appropriate doctrine, backed by comprehensive legislation and permanent institutions in Israel for preparation, management, and recovery from states of emergency contributes to greater infringements of individual rights and hampers effective crisis management.

In the particular context of the "Iron Swords" war, the document provides specific recommendations for:

Government decision-making processes during a state of emergency;
The preservation of civil and political rights, including freedom of speech, the right to demonstrate, the right to access information, the right to privacy and the right to equality;
Safeguarding socio-economic rights and ensuring fulfilments by the state of its duties in providing housing, education, health, and mental health services.

Professor Eli Salzberger talks about the reseach in a new Podcast (in Hebrew)

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Abraham Berman , Shay Gueron

Protective layers in the war on Corona: A realistic model for handling pandemics

Nicky Kons , Ron Kenett

Project renewal in Israel 1979-1994, Annotated bibilography in Hebrew and English.

Naomi Carmon

Law enforcement in the 21st century :Law, Government&Politics, Science&Technology

Daniel Weihs , Idit Hakimi , David Cohen , Israel Barak

Law enforcement in the 21st century: Society, Economy, Minorities, Internal Security

Israel Barak , Idit Hakimi , Daniel Weihs , David Cohen

A Survey of Technion Graduates - Class of 1989

David Cohen , Ilana Shalev

Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice: Immigrant Opportunities

N. Gomelski , D. Simmons-Cohen , D. Kzamanski

Potential for Higher and Continuing Education: Profile of Achievements, Environment and Character of Gifted Individuals Identified in their Twenties

Oren Carmel

Knowledge Centers and the Location of Hi-Tech firms - The Cluster of Rehovot-Nes-Ziona Region in Israel

Amir Vidar , Daniel Shefer

Development of Higher Education Systems in Seven Arab Countries - 1965-1988

Gad Gilbar

Social and Economic Implications of Employee Cutbacks

Bilha Mannheim , David Cohen

Migration To and From Development Towns in Israel

Tobi Alfandari , Daniel Shefer

Technology and Ethics, Proceedings of the Whizin International Symposium, Haifa

Amitai Halevi , David Cohen

The Program for Neighborhood Renewal - The Great Experiment and its Conclusions

Rachelle Alterman , Arza Churchman

Absorption of Soviet Immigrants at the Technion

David Cohen

Principles and Systems for Planning of Human Resources in Research and Technology in the OECD Countries, and Lessons for Israel

David Cohen , A. Shaliv , B. Toren

Promoting Excellence in Science Education

Abraham Berman

Development of Higher Education Systems in the Arab Countries - 1965-1988, the Quantitative Dimension. Report No. 7 (for internal use) Project No. 161

Gad Gilbar , O. Vinkler , Michal Nevot

A Retrospective View of Israel's 'Project Renewal' - Lessons for Planning for New Immigrants in the 1990's

Rachelle Alterman

Innovation at the Crossroads between Science and Technology

M. Kranzberg , Y. Elkana , Zehev Tadmor

Neighborhood Renewal in Israel - Evaluation and Results

Naomi Carmon

Reforming the legislative process in the Knesset: "House of Cards" or House of Legislature?

Manuel Trajtenberg , Itamar Popliker

National land ownership and housing prices in Israel

Rachelle Alterman , Ron Kenett , Eyal Salinger

Towards a reform of the tax system

Manuel Trajtenberg , Itamar Popliker

“Common Ground”: Agreed Road Map for Long-Term National Paradigms

Eitan Adres , Reuven Gal , Zehev Tadmor , Irad Yavneh

Focused Repatriation. The Demography and the Social Processes in the Jewish Communities in the World

Ilia Zatcovetsky , Ayelet Raveh , Daphne Getz

Arab minority participation in collective action for provision of public goods in the general Israeli society.

Eitan Adres

Survey Security Personal in the Mixed Cities 2020

Ali Nohad , Ruth Lewin-Chen , Ola Najami Yousef

Violence, Crime, and Policing in Arab Society in The Age of Covid

Ali Nohad , Ola Najami Yousef , Yonatan Arie

The Global Economic Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War

Shlomo Maital , Ella Barzani

From Geo/Bio-Politics to G2G Agreements and Public–Private Partnership: the Unique Role of the Israeli Eco-System in Ethiopia

Shelly Gottfried , Amir Sabhat , Eleonora Poli , Ayelet Raveh , Ilia Zatcovetsky , Nebiyou Yirga

"Post-Truth" Phenomena: Definitions, Consequences and Solutions

Shakked Dabran-Zivan , Ayelet Baram-Tsabari

The IDF Conscription Model: Alternatives and novelties. Summary of a Round Table in Ben-Gurion's Spirit.

Reuven Gal , Shlomo Maital

The Development of the Israeli Research Universities

Uri Kirsch

Research Standing of Israeli Universities by Quantitative Indicators

Uri Kirsch

Excellence Evaluations of the Universities in Israel - Approaches, Issues and Achievments

Uri Kirsch

Ultra-Orthodox (‘Haredi’) Jews in Israel’s Society: A 2014 Status Report.

Reuven Gal

Adaptation to climate change in the local authorities

Ofira Ayalon , Haim Kutiel , Nurit Kliot , Manfred Green , Marcelo Sterenberg , Tammy Trop , Tzipi Eshet , Idan Liebes

Tax Benefits for R&D in Israel

Dan Peled , Benjamin Bental , Avi Sasi , Ilia Zatcovetsky

Survey and Database on Israel’s Scientific foreign Relations on a national and institutional level

Daphne Getz , Bahina Eidelman , Oshrat Katz Shacham , Ella Barzani , Golan Tamir , Eliezer Shein

Towards evidence based policy in science communication in Israel

Yael Barel , Ayelet Baram-Tsabari , Ran Peleg , Rony Armon , Ayelet Raveh

The Higher Education System in Israel - Issues, characteristics and unique Aspects

Uri Kirsch

Integration of electric and hybrid vehicles in Israel's transportation system – Phase B: economic analysis and life cycle assessment

Ofira Ayalon , Idan Liebes , Gadi Rosental , Dana Gabay

Integration of electric and hybrid vehicles in Israel's transportation system – Phase A: literature review

Ofira Ayalon , Yaara Grinberg , Idan Liebes , Gadi Rosental , Dana Gabay

Hazardous Household Chemicals and Hazardous Waste: Policy and Procedures Recommendations For Implementation in Israel

Debby Mir , Ofira Ayalon , Yaara Grinberg

Major Plan for Higher Education - Planning Versus Performance

Amnon Pazy

Interim Report of the Investigatory Team on the State of the Chemical Industry in Israel at the Beginning of the 21st Century

Gilead Fortuna , Yoram Avnimelech , Daphne Getz , Reuven Wachs , Ephraim Kehat , Zehev Tadmor

Science and Technology in the Israeli Consciousness

Eppie Yaar

The Jewish People Today: Between Necessity and Freedom

Aviezer Ravitzky

Comments on National Governance

Shlomo Avineri

The Necessity of Strategic Thinking: A Constitutive Vision for Israel and its Implications

Ruth Gavizon

Modern Jewish Identities and the State of Israel

Moshe Halbertal

A secular, liberal, modern vision of Israel

Zehev Tadmor

Reclaiming the Dead Sea, Alternatives for Action

Yoram Avnimelech , Yifaat Baron , Gadi Rosental , Machum Yehoshua , Giora Shacham

The Neaman Document -A study on Israeli Public Diplomacy; A Joint Project of the S. Neaman Institute, Technion And the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel.

Dov Shinar , Roei Davidson , Dalia Liran-Alper , Lea Mandelzis , Arye Naor , Anat First , Naama Maoz , Haim Hagay , Sagit Yakubovich , Moshe Elad , Meir Shlomo